What would the ancient Greeks think of an Olympics with no fans?
Vincent Farenga, Professor of Classics and Comparative Literature, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences
Posted:
Updated:
Felipe Dana
FILE - This April 6, 2016, file photo, shows a view of Deodoro Olympic Park canoe slalom circuit, center, and BMX circuit, right, during a flight on an army helicopter in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Olympics left half-dozen vacant sports arenas in the Olympic Park, and 3,600 empty apartments in the vast, boarded-up Olympic Village. Deodoro, the second major complex of venues in the impoverished north, is shuttered behind iron gates. (AP Photo/Felipe Dana, File)
Lefteris Pitarakis
In this Sunday, Feb. 23, 2014 photo, people enjoy the open part of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in east London. In London, which held its Olympics less than two years ago, the games’ legacy is still difficult to determine. The flagship venue _ due to be called the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park _ is in the process of being converted and won’t be fully open until a couple of months from now, according to the capital’s Legacy Development Corporation. (AP Photo/Lefteris Pitarakis)
Lefteris Pitarakis
In this Sunday, Feb. 23, 2014 photo, people take a look at the construction site in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in east London. The Games' Velodrome is seen left. London continues to bask in the success of the most recent Summer Games, but the Olympic legacy is difficult to determine. The flagship venue, renamed the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, is being converted into a massive park as big as London’s famous Hyde Park, complete with wildlife habitats, woods and sports facilities. The first part of the ambitious project will begin to open to the public in April. The 80,000-seat Olympic Stadium at the center of the park has been troubled by controversy since even before the games, and its post-games use was the subject of months of legal wrangling. The stadium is now being converted into a soccer venue and the home of the West Ham soccer club, with an expected price tag of $323 million. Many argue taxpayers should not have to fund a Premier League club, though officials insist that the stadium will continue to host other major sporting events, including the Rugby World Cup in 2015. (AP Photo/Lefteris Pitarakis)
Lefteris Pitarakis
In this Sunday, Feb. 23, 2014 photo, children play in a playground at the open part of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in east London. In London, which held its Olympics less than two years ago, the games’ legacy is still difficult to determine. The flagship venue _ due to be called the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park _ is in the process of being converted and won’t be fully open until a couple of months from now, according to the capital’s Legacy Development Corporation. (AP Photo/Lefteris Pitarakis)
Lefteris Pitarakis
In this Sunday, Feb. 23, 2014 photo, a view of the open part of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in east London. In London, which held its Olympics less than two years ago, the games’ legacy is still difficult to determine. The flagship venue _ due to be called the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park _ is in the process of being converted and won’t be fully open until a couple of months from now, according to the capital’s Legacy Development Corporation. (AP Photo/Lefteris Pitarakis)
Lefteris Pitarakis
In this Sunday, Feb. 23, 2014 photo, a child plays in a playground at the open part of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in east London. In London, which held its Olympics less than two years ago, the games’ legacy is still difficult to determine. The flagship venue _ due to be called the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park _ is in the process of being converted and won’t be fully open until a couple of months from now, according to the capital’s Legacy Development Corporation. (AP Photo/Lefteris Pitarakis)
Ng Han Guan
In this picture taken, Sunday, Feb. 23, 2014, a tourist poses near giant sculptures near the iconic Bird's Nest National Stadium in Beijing, China. The National Stadium, nicknamed the Bird’s Nest because of its lattice design, has become a key Beijing landmark and a favored backdrop for visitors' snapshots. But few tourists are willing to pay more than $8 to tour the facility as enthusiasm for the 2008 Games fades, and the venue has struggled to fill its space with events. Beijing, which spent more than $2 billion to build 31 venues for the 2008 Summer Games, is reaping some income and tourism benefits from two flagship venues, though many sites need government subsidies to meet hefty operation and maintenance costs. (AP Photo/Ng Han Guan)
Ng Han Guan
In this picture taken, Sunday, Feb. 23, 2014, a tourist dressed in traditional imperial costumes poses for photos in a booth near the iconic Bird's Nest National Stadium in Beijing, China. The National Stadium, nicknamed the Bird’s Nest because of its lattice design, has become a key Beijing landmark and a favored backdrop for visitors' snapshots. But few tourists are willing to pay more than $8 to tour the facility as enthusiasm for the 2008 Games fades, and the venue has struggled to fill its space with events. Beijing, which spent more than $2 billion to build 31 venues for the 2008 Summer Games, is reaping some income and tourism benefits from two flagship venues, though many sites need government subsidies to meet hefty operation and maintenance costs. (AP Photo/Ng Han Guan)
Ng Han Guan
In this picture taken, Sunday, Feb. 23, 2014, tourists pass by memorabilia on sale near the iconic Bird's Nest National Stadium in Beijing, China. The National Stadium, nicknamed the Bird’s Nest because of its lattice design, has become a key Beijing landmark and a favored backdrop for visitors' snapshots. But few tourists are willing to pay more than $8 to tour the facility as enthusiasm for the 2008 Games fades, and the venue has struggled to fill its space with events. Beijing, which spent more than $2 billion to build 31 venues for the 2008 Summer Games, is reaping some income and tourism benefits from two flagship venues, though many sites need government subsidies to meet hefty operation and maintenance costs. (AP Photo/Ng Han Guan)
Ng Han Guan
In this picture taken Sunday, Feb. 23, 2014, a street vendor flies kites printed with the Beijing Olympic games mascot image near the Water Cube aquatic center in Beijing, China. The Water Cube _ where U.S. swimmer Michael Phelps made history by winning eight gold medals _ has been transformed into a water park popular among local families. Its operators even peddle purified glacier water under the Water Cube brand for additional income. Beijing, which spent more than $2 billion to build 31 venues for the 2008 Summer Games, is reaping some income and tourism benefits from two flagship venues, though many sites need government subsidies to meet hefty operation and maintenance costs. (AP Photo/Ng Han Guan)
Kim Kyung-mock
In this Sept. 9, 2018 photo, a general view of the downhill slope of the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics is seen at the Jeongseon Alpine Center in Jeongseon, South Korea. The Pyeongchang Winter Olympics closed just seven months ago. Left behind are empty venues, feuding over who pays for upkeep, and a glistening-white ski course that’s now an abandoned dirt runway, strewn with rocks and unused gondolas. (Kim Kyung-mock/Newsis via AP)
Amel Emric
In this picture taken, Friday, Feb. 21, 2014, an empty chairlift is seen near the ski jumping facility at Mt. Igman near the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo. Wartime destruction and negligence have turned most of Sarajevo's 1984 Winter Olympic venues into painful reminders of the city's golden times. The world came together in the former Yugoslavia in 1984 after the West had boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and Russia boycotted the 1984 Summer Games in Los Angeles. Just eight years later, the bobsleigh and luge track on Mount Trbevic was turned into an artillery position from which Bosnian Serbs pounded the city for almost four years. Today, the abandoned concrete construction looks like a skeleton littered with graffiti. (AP Photo/Amel Emric)
Amel Emric
In this picture taken on Friday, Feb. 21, 2014, the bobsleigh track damaged by artillery fire is painted with graffiti at Mt. Trebevic near Bosnian capital of Sarajevo. Wartime destruction and negligence have turned most of Sarajevo's 1984 Winter Olympic venues into painful reminders of the city's golden times. The world came together in the former Yugoslavia in 1984 after the West had boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and Russia boycotted the 1984 Summer Games in Los Angeles. Just eight years later, the bobsleigh and luge track on Mount Trbevic was turned into an artillery position from which Bosnian Serbs pounded the city for almost four years. Today, the abandoned concrete construction looks like a skeleton littered with graffiti. (AP Photo/Amel Emric)
Amel Emric
In this picture taken on Friday, Feb. 21, 2014, graffiti by London creative collective The Lurkers "The Lurkers do Sarajevo" is written on a destroyed hotel at Mt. Igman. Wartime destruction and negligence have turned most of Sarajevo's 1984 Winter Olympic venues into painful reminders of the city's golden times. The world came together in the former Yugoslavia in 1984 after the West had boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and Russia boycotted the 1984 Summer Games in Los Angeles. Just eight years later, the bobsleigh and luge track on Mount Trbevic was turned into an artillery position from which Bosnian Serbs pounded the city for almost four years. Today, the abandoned concrete construction looks like a skeleton littered with graffiti. (AP Photo/Amel Emric)
Amel Emric
In this picture taken on Friday, Feb. 21, 2014, a concrete podium for winners with the text "Winter Olympic Games 1984" stands abandoned near jumping hills at Mt. Igman near the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo. Wartime destruction and negligence have turned most of Sarajevo's 1984 Winter Olympic venues into painful reminders of the city's golden times. The world came together in the former Yugoslavia in 1984 after the West had boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and Russia boycotted the 1984 Summer Games in Los Angeles. Just eight years later, the bobsleigh and luge track on Mount Trbevic was turned into an artillery position from which Bosnian Serbs pounded the city for almost four years. Today, the abandoned concrete construction looks like a skeleton littered with graffiti. (AP Photo/Amel Emric)
Amel Emric
In this picture taken Friday, Feb. 21, 2014, the abandoned ski jumping facility is seen covered in moss at Mt. Igman near Bosnian capital of Sarajevo. Wartime destruction and negligence have turned most of Sarajevo's 1984 Winter Olympic venues into painful reminders of the city's golden times. The world came together in the former Yugoslavia in 1984 after the West had boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and Russia boycotted the 1984 Summer Games in Los Angeles. Just eight years later, the bobsleigh and luge track on Mount Trbevic was turned into an artillery position from which Bosnian Serbs pounded the city for almost four years. Today, the abandoned concrete construction looks like a skeleton littered with graffiti. (AP Photo/Amel Emric)
Rick Rycroft
Patrons walk near the entrance of Sydney Aquatic Centre in Sydney, Monday, Feb. 24, 2014. Before the 2000 summer Olympics, the site west of Sydney where the 1580-acre Sydney Olympic Park was built was a grungy, desolate wasteland of slaughterhouses, garbage dumps and factories. Since the games, it has slowly developed into its own suburb with hotels, offices, restaurants and parklands. The park now hosts thousands of events each year, from music festivals to sports to business conferences, drawing more than 12 million annual visitors. (AP Photo/Rick Rycroft)
Thanassis Stavrakis
This Oct. 22, 2014, photo shows an artifact at the west terminal of old airport in eastern Athens. The seaside site of Athens' old airport hosted half a dozen Olympic venues during Athens 2004 Games. This year, private investors won a tender to develop the entire area into a residential, commercial, hotel and leisure center, in a 7 billion-euro investment. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Thanassis Stavrakis
A worker mows the field of the Olympic baseball venue in southern Athens, Thursday, Aug. 2, 2012. The stadium has been used for the past two years by a fourth-division local soccer club. Eight years after the Athens Games, many of the venues remain abandoned or rarely used, focusing public anger on past governments as the country struggles through a fifth year of recession and a debt crisis that has seen a surge in poverty and unemployment. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Thanassis Stavrakis
Signs for streets named after Greek Olympic medallists Costas Kenteris _ who withdrew from the Athens Games after missing a doping test, and Fani Halkia, who was ejected from the Beijing Games four years later after testing positive for a banned substance, are seen at the Olympic village on the northern fringes of Athens on Thursday, Aug. 2, 2012. After the Athens 2004 Games the village was used as a worker housing project. Eight years after the Athens Games, many of the venues remain abandoned or rarely used, focusing public anger on past governments as the country struggles through a fifth year year of recession and a debt crisis that has seen a surge in poverty and unemployment. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Thanassis Stavrakis
The Olympic cauldron rises behind the central arch in the Olympic stadium of Athens on Thursday, Aug. 2, 2012. The stadium is one of the very few Olympic venues to have been used for sports after the Athens 2004 Games, hosting soccer matches during which hooligans have several times set it on fire and athletics. Eight years after the Athens Games, many of the venues remain abandoned or rarely used, focusing public anger on past governments as the country struggles through a fifth year year of recession and a debt crisis that has seen a surge in poverty and unemployment. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Thanassis Stavrakis
In this Tuesday, Aug. 5, 2014 photo a frog inhabits the murky waters of an abandoned training pool for athletes at the Olympic village in northern Athens. In Greece, few of the sporting venues, mostly purpose-built permanent structures, have seen regular post-Olympic use. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Thanassis Stavrakis
This Friday, Aug. 6, 2014 shows the empty airport parking at the eastern terminal of old airport in eastern Athens. The seaside site of Athens' old airport hosted half a dozen Olympic venues during Athens 2004 Games. This year, private investors won a tender to develop the entire area into a residential, commercial, hotel and leisure center, in a 7 billion-euro investment. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Thanassis Stavrakis
In this Wednesday, Aug. 6, 2014 photo the abandoned baseball venue is seen at the former Helliniko Olympic complex in southern Athens. Andrew Zimbalist, a U.S. economist who studies the financial impact of major sporting events, said past experience shows that hosting the Olympics does not generally promote economic development. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Thanassis Stavrakis
Frogs sit on rubbish floating in the murky waters of an abandoned training pool for athletes at the Olympic village on the northern fringes of Athens, Thursday, Aug. 2, 2012. After the Athens 2004 Games the village was used as a worker housing project. Eight years after the Athens Games, many of the venues remain abandoned or rarely used, focusing public anger on past governments as the country struggles through a fifth year of recession and a debt crisis that has seen a surge in poverty and unemployment. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Thanassis Stavrakis
In this Wednesday, Aug. 6, 2014 photo the abandoned canoe/kayak venue is seen at the former Helliniko Olympic complex in southern Athens. The latest government estimate sets the final cost of the Games at 8.5 billion euros, double the original budget but a drop in the ocean of the country’s subsequent 320 billion-euro debt, which spun out of control after 2008. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Thanassis Stavrakis
In this Friday, Aug. 8, 2014 photo, the abandoned beach volleyball Olympic venue is seen behind a broken window in Neo Faliro, southern Athens. While economists agree it would be unfair to blame sky-high unemployment, slashed incomes and the violent overhaul of Greece’s economy on the 17-day Games, most experts lament the post-Olympic era as a decade of lost opportunities. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Thanassis Stavrakis
FILE - In this Thursday, Aug. 2, 2012, file photo, murky water and rubbish fill an abandoned training pool for athletes at the Olympic village on the northern fringes of Athens. The legacy of Athens’ Olympics has stirred vigorous debate, and Greek authorities have been widely criticized for not having a post-Games plan for the infrastructure. While some of the venues built specifically for the games have been converted for other uses, many are underused or abandoned, and very few provide the state with any revenue. Some critics even say that the multibillion dollar cost of the games played a modest role in the nation’s 2008 economic meltdown.(AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis, File)
Thanassis Stavrakis
A bus passes the remains of a fountain made with Olympic rings and graffiti-defaced marble blocks that were originally dedicated to Greek Olympic medal winners, at the former Olympic village on the northern fringes of Athens, Thursday, Aug. 2, 2012. After the Athens 2004 Games, the village was used as a worker housing project. Eight years after the Athens Games, many of the venues remain abandoned or rarely used, focusing public anger on past governments as the country struggles through a fifth year of recession and a debt crisis that has seen a surge in poverty and unemployment. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Thanassis Stavrakis
Frogs inhabit the murky waters of an abandoned training pool for athletes at the Olympic village on the northern fringes of Athens, Thursday, Aug. 2, 2012. After the Athens 2004 Games, the village was used as a worker housing project. Eight years after the Athens Games, many of the venues remain abandoned or rarely used, focusing public anger on past governments as the country struggles through a fifth year of recession and a debt crisis that has seen a surge in poverty and unemployment. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Thanassis Stavrakis
FILE - In this Thursday, Aug. 2, 2012, file photo, weeds sprout in the remains of what was once the playing field at the abandoned Olympic softball venue in southern Athens. The legacy of Athens’ Olympics has stirred vigorous debate, and Greek authorities have been widely criticized for not having a post-Games plan for the infrastructure. While some of the venues built specifically for the games have been converted for other uses, many are underused or abandoned, and very few provide the state with any revenue. Some critics even say that the multibillion dollar cost of the games played a modest role in the nation’s 2008 economic meltdown. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Thanassis Stavrakis
In this Friday, Aug. 8, 2014 photo, the abandoned beach volleyball Olympic venue is seen in Neo Faliro, southern Athens. As Greece groans under a cruel depression, forecast to end this year, the 10-year anniversary once again raises the question of whether the Athens Games were too costly an undertaking for a weak economy. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Thanassis Stavrakis
A statue of Spyros Louis, the Greek shepherd who unexpectedly won the marathon during the first modern Games in 1896, looms over the Olympic stadium of Athens on Thursday, Aug. 2, 2012 The stadium is one of the very few Olympic venues to have been used for sports after the Athens 2004 Games, hosting soccer matches and athletics. Eight years after the Athens Games, many of the venues remain abandoned or rarely used, focusing public anger on past governments as the country struggles through a fifth year of recession and a debt crisis that has seen a surge in poverty and unemployment. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Thanassis Stavrakis
Smashed boards left over from last year's Special Olympics litter the abandoned Olympic hockey venue in southern Athens on Thursday, Aug. 2, 2012. Eight years after the Athens Games, many of the venues remain abandoned or rarely used, focusing public anger on past governments as the country struggles through a fifth year of recession and a debt crisis that has seen a surge in poverty and unemployment. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Thanassis Stavrakis
Paralympic athlete Paraskevi Katza practices at the Olympic stadium of Athens on Thursday, Aug. 2, 2012. The stadium is one of the very few Olympic venues to have been used for sports after the Athens 2004 Games, hosting soccer matches and athletics. But eight years after the Athens Games, many of the venues remain abandoned or rarely used, focusing public anger on past governments as the country struggles through a fifth year year of recession and a debt crisis that has seen a surge in poverty and unemployment. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Thanassis Stavrakis
Two people walk inside the Olympic stadium, Thursday, Aug. 2, 2012 in Athens. The stadium is one of the very few Olympic venues to have been used for sports after the Athens 2004 Games, hosting soccer matches and athletics. But eight years after the Athens Games, many of the venues remain abandoned or rarely used, focusing public anger on past governments as the country struggles through a fifth year of recession and a debt crisis that has seen a surge in poverty and unemployment. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Thanassis Stavrakis
A woman rides her bicycle through a walkway of steel pillars optimistically named the Agora, next to the murky waters of a once-blue pond at the Athens Olympic Stadium complex, Thursday, Aug. 2, 2012. Unlike many of the purpose-built venues for the Athens 2004 Games, the rundown complex is mostly open to the general public. Eight years after the Athens Games, many of the venues remain abandoned or rarely used, focusing public anger on past governments as the country struggles through a fifth year of recession and a debt crisis that has seen a surge in poverty and unemployment. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Thanassis Stavrakis
This Oct. 22, 2014, photo shows an artifact at the west terminal of old airport in eastern Athens. The seaside site of Athens' old airport hosted half a dozen Olympic venues during Athens 2004 Games. This year, private investors won a tender to develop the entire area into a residential, commercial, hotel and leisure center, in a 7 billion-euro investment. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Thanassis Stavrakis
The Olympic taekwondo and handball arena is seen in southern Athens on Thursday, Aug. 2, 2012. The purpose-built arena has been occasionally used for non-sporting events since the Athens 2004 Olympics. Eight years after the Athens Games, many of the venues remain abandoned or rarely used, focusing public anger on past governments as the country struggles through a fifth year year of recession and a debt crisis that has seen a surge in poverty and unemployment. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Thanassis Stavrakis
The open Olympic swimming pool sits empty at the rundown Olympic complex, Thursday, Aug. 2, 2012 in Athens. After the Athens 2004 Games, the pool has been sporadically used for national championships. Eight years after the Athens Games, many of the venues remain abandoned or rarely used, focusing public anger on past governments as the country struggles through a fifth year of recession and a debt crisis that has seen a surge in poverty and unemployment. (AP Photo/Thanassis Stavrakis)
Bruna Prado
The sun sets over the Olympic canoe slalom circuit at Radical Park in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Thursday, June 24, 2021. The park's centerpiece, a reservoir feeding a rapids course, is used by the Brazilian canoeing confederation to train. (AP Photo/Bruna Prado)
Bruna Prado
A venue at Olympic Park is reflected in a pool of water in the Barra da Tijuca western zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Thursday, June 24, 2021. With the Olympics about to kick off in Tokyo, the prior host is struggling to make good on legacy promises with Rio de Janeiro's Olympic Park venues mostly unused. (AP Photo/Bruna Prado)
Bruna Prado
The sun sets over the Olympic canoe slalom circuit at Radical Park in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Thursday, June 24, 2021. With the Olympics about to kick off in Tokyo, the prior host is struggling to make good on legacy promises. (AP Photo/Bruna Prado)
Bruna Prado
A man rides a skateboard at Radical Park in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Thursday, June 24, 2021. Hundreds of joggers, dog walkers, skateboarders and picnicking families come each day. (AP Photo/Bruna Prado)
Bruna Prado
Cyclists ride on the BMX course at Radical Park in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Thursday, June 24, 2021. The mountain bike course was recently excavated from head-high grass. (AP Photo/Bruna Prado)
Bruna Prado
A man walks on the banks of the Guanabara Bay littered with garbage, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Thursday, June 24, 2021. The bay waters where the the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics sailing competitions took place have not been cleaned of sewage, as had been promised. (AP Photo/Bruna Prado)
Bruna Prado
Trash litters the banks of Guanabara Bay, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Thursday, June 24, 2021. Demolition of an elevated highway allowed for sweeping views of the Guanabara Bay where the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics sailing competitions took place, but its waters weren’t cleaned of sewage, as had been promised. (AP Photo/Bruna Prado)
TNS
Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy hosted the Winter Olympics in 1956. (Dreamstime)
Sean Gallup
The abandoned Hindenburghaus facility at the site of the 1936 Berlin Olympic Village on May 17, 2021, in Elstal, Germany. (Sean Gallup/Getty Images)
In ancient Greece, the heart and soul of the festival was the experience shared by all who attended. AP Photo/Shuji Kajiyama
Because of a dramatic rise in COVID-19 cases, the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2021 Olympics will unfold in a stadium absent the eyes, ears and voices of a once-anticipated 68,000 ticket holders from around the world. Events during the intervening days will likewise occur in silent arenas missing the hundreds of thousands of spectators who paid US$815 million for their now-useless tickets.
After 48 years teaching classics, I can’t help but wonder what the Greeks – who invented the Games nearly 3,000 years ago, in 776 B.C. – would make of such a ghostly version of their Olympic festival.
In many ways, they’d view the prospect as absurd.
In ancient Greece, the Olympics were never solely about the athletes themselves; instead, the heart and soul of the festival was the experience shared by all who attended. Every four years, athletes and spectators traveled from far-flung corners of the Greek-speaking world to Olympia, lured by a longing for contact with their compatriots and their gods.
In the shadow of dreams
For the Greeks, during five days in the late-summer heat, two worlds miraculously merged at Olympia: the domain of everyday life, with its human limits, and a supernatural sphere from the days superior beings, gods and heroes populated Earth.
Greek athletics, like today’s, plunged participants into performances that pushed the envelope of human ability to its breaking point. But to the Greeks, the cauldron of competition could trigger revelations in which ordinary mortals might briefly intermingle with the extraordinary immortals.
The poet Pindar, famous for the victory songs he composed for winners at Olympia, captured this sort of transcendent moment when he wrote, “Humans are creatures of a day. But what is humankind? What is it not? A human is just the shadow of a dream – but when a flash of light from Zeus comes down, a shining light falls on humans and their lifetime can be sweet as honey.”
However, these epiphanies could occur only if witnesses were physically present to immerse themselves – and share in – the spine-tingling flirtation with the divine.
Simply put, Greek athletics and religious experience were inseparable.
At Olympia, both athletes and spectators were making a pilgrimage to a sacred place. A modern Olympics can legitimately take place in any city selected by the International Olympic Committee. But the ancient games could occur in only one location in western Greece. The most profoundly moving events didn’t even occur in the stadium that accommodated 40,000 or in the wrestling and boxing arenas.
Instead, they took place in a grove called the Althis, where Hercules is said to have first erected an altar, sacrificed oxen to Zeus and planted a wild olive tree. Easily half the events during the festival engrossed spectators not in feats like discus, javelin, long jump, foot race and wrestling, but in feasts where animals were sacrificed to gods in heaven and long-dead heroes whose spirits still lingered.
On the evening of the second day, thousands gathered in the Althis to reenact the funeral rites of Pelops, a human hero who once raced a chariot to win a local chief’s daughter. But the climactic sacrifice was on the morning of the third day at the Great Altar of Zeus, a mound of plastered ashes from previous sacrifices that stood 22 feet tall and 125 feet around. In a ritual called the hecatomb, 100 bulls were slaughtered and their thigh bones, wrapped in fat, burned atop the altar so that the rising smoke and aroma would reach the sky where Zeus could savor it.
No doubt many a spectator shivered at the thought of Zeus hovering above them, smiling and remembering Hercules’ first sacrifice.
Just a few yards from the Great Altar another, more visual encounter with the god awaited. In the Temple of Zeus, which was erected around 468 to 456 B.C., stood a colossal image, 40 feet high, of the god on a throne, his skin carved from ivory and his clothing made of gold. In one hand he held the elusive goddess of victory, Nike, and in the other a staff on which his sacred bird, the eagle, perched. The towering statue was reflected in a shimmering pool of olive oil surrounding it.
During events, the athletes performed in the nude, imitating heroic figures like Hercules, Theseus or Achilles, who all crossed the dividing line between human and superhuman and were usually represented nude in painting and sculpture.
The athletes’ nudity declared to spectators that in this holy place, contestants hoped to reenact, in the ritual of sport, the shudder of contact with divinity. In the Althis stood a forest of hundreds of nude statues of men and boys, all previous victors whose images set the bar for aspiring newcomers.
“There are a lot of truly marvelous things one can see and hear about in Greece,” the Greek travel writer Pausanias noted in the second century B.C., “but there is something unique about how the divine is encountered at … the games at Olympia.”
Since sea travel in summertime was the only viable way to cross this fragile geographical web, the Olympics might entice a Greek living in Southern Europe and another residing in modern-day Ukraine to interact briefly in a festival celebrating not only Zeus and Heracles but also the Hellenic language and culture that produced them.
Besides athletes, poets, philosophers and orators came to perform before crowds that included politicians and businessmen, with everyone communing in an “oceanic feeling” of what it meant to be momentarily united as Greeks.
A detail of a Greek cauldron depicts spectators cheering on a chariot race. Egisto Sani/flickr, CC BY-NC
Now, there’s no way we could explain the miracle of TV to the Greeks and how its electronic eye recruits millions of spectators to the modern games by proxy. But visitors to Olympia engaged in a distinct type of spectating.
The ordinary Greek word for someone who observes – “theatês” – connects not only to “theater” but also to “theôria,” a special kind of seeing that requires a journey from home to a place where something wondrous unfolds. Theôria opens a door into the sacred, whether it’s visiting an oracle or participating in a religious cult.
Attending an athletic-religious festival like the Olympics transformed an ordinary spectator, a theatês, into a theôros – a witness observing the sacred, an ambassador reporting home the wonders observed abroad.
It’s hard to imagine TV images from Tokyo achieving similar ends.
No matter how many world records are broken and unprecedented feats accomplished at the 2020 games, the empty arenas will attract no gods or genuine heroes: The Tokyo games are even less enchanted than previous modern games.
But while medal counts will confer fleeting glory on some nations and disappointing shame on others, perhaps a dramatic moment or two might unite athletes and TV viewers in an oceanic feeling of what it means to be “kosmopolitai,” citizens of the world, celebrants of the wonder of what it means to be human – and perhaps, briefly, superhuman as well.